The secondary appraisal helps determine the intensity of the emotional response and the type of coping strategies employed. Secondary appraisal: This involves assessing the individual’s resources, coping abilities, and potential responses to deal with the event.The individual assesses whether the event is irrelevant, benign-positive, or stressful (i.e., threatening, challenging, or harmful). Primary appraisal: This involves evaluating the event’s relevance to the individual’s well-being, goals, or values.This appraisal process can be broken down into two components: Cognitive appraisal: The first step in the Lazarus Theory of Emotion is cognitive appraisal, which refers to the individual’s evaluation of a situation, event, or stimulus.According to this theory, our emotions are not solely a product of the situation or stimulus itself, but rather, they depend on our cognitive interpretation and assessment of that situation. Lazarus, which posits that emotions are the result of a two-step cognitive process involving the appraisal of a situation and the subsequent interpretation of its personal relevance. Individual differences – Difference between individuals, for example differences in personality, age, culture, gender, disability, social class.The Lazarus Theory of Emotion is a cognitive appraisal theory developed by psychologist Richard S. Secondary appraisal – At the secondary appraisal stage, we are likely to ask the following: Are coping abilities and resources sufficient to overcome the harm, threat or challenge? Primary appraisal – At the primary appraisal stage, we are likely to ask the following: Is the situation positive, neutral or negative? If negative, what is the harm, threat or challenge? Transactional model – Stress is the result of a transaction between the individual and their environment.Ĭognitive appraisal – An evaluation or judgement of an event (primary appraisal) and an appraisal of the resources available to cope with it (secondary appraisal). Only when an event is perceived as stressful does it become a stressor – though some events are more likely to be perceived as stressors. The source of the stress is the cognitive appraisal of events. The transactional model has the advantage of accounting for individual differences in the stress response. Different people perceive different events as stressors and respond to them in different ways. In other words Individual Differences does matter in how we perceive potential stressors. If coping abilities and resources are seen as high, then the experience of stress may well be minimal.Ī person’s social and cultural background and previous experience of similar situations can also influence the appraisal process. In appraising the situation, a possible question that the individual may ask him/herself is: What am I going to do and what are the likely consequences of my actions? If harm and threat are seen as high and coping abilities and resources perceived as low, then a high level of stress is probable. How the individual deal with the stress will depend on both the primary and secondary appraisal. Secondary Appraisal – this involves an evaluation of coping abilities and resources for dealing with the situation. The dismissal may create financial difficulties for them, due to lack of income, or they may indeed see the situation as a positive challenge – an opportunity to train for an alternative form of employment. They may experience a sense of shame and embarrassment. For example if a person is dismissed from their job, they may perceive the dismissal as harmful to their short term or long term goals. If they decide that the event is negative, the next step is to appraise the situation in terms of possible harm, threat or challenge. Primary Appraisal – the first level of the appraisal – here the individual will decide whether an event is positive, neutral or negative. It means that a stressor is not simply out there in the environment – it only becomes a stressor when people define it as such, and feel that it will strain or overcome their resources for dealing with it. Stress occurs when a person feels they will have difficulties coping or cannot cope (this is an important point). Resources: time, money, level of support from family, friends. Stress arises from an individual’s perception, when the demands of the environment place a strain on them, greater than their resources. The individual interacts with their environment, perceives it in a certain way and gives meaning to it. Cognitive means thinking appraisal means making a judgement of evaluating a potential stressor. He argued that cognitive appraisal is the key to understanding stress. Richard Lazarus (1976) developed one of the first transactional models of stress.
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